| Chilean Navy ''Armada de Chile'' |
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|---|---|
Coat of arms of the Chilean Navy |
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| Active | 1817-present |
| Country | Chile |
| Size | 71 vessels 25,000 personnel |
| Motto | Vencer o Morir ("Conquer or Die") |
| Anniversaries | 21 May, Día de las Glorias Navales (Navy Day) |
| Engagements | Chilean War of Independence (1810–1826) Peruvian War of Independence (1811–1824) War of the Confederation (1836–1839) Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) War of the Pacific (1879–1883) Chilean Civil War (1891) |
| Commanders | |
| Current commander |
Edmundo González Robles |
| Notable commanders |
Lord Thomas Cochrane Manuel Blanco Encalada Juan José Latorre Arturo Prat Jorge Montt Juan Williams Rebolledo |
| Insignia | |
| Naval Ensign[1] | |
| Naval Jack | |
| Roundel of Naval Aviation | |
The Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile) is the naval force of Chile.
The Chilean Navy dates back to 1817. A year before, following the Battle of Chacabuco, General Bernardo O'Higgins prophetically declared "this victory and another hundred shall be of no significance if we do not gain control of the sea".
This led to the development of the Chilean Navy, and the first legal resolutions outlining the organization of the institution were created. Chile's First National Fleet and the Academy for Young Midshipmen (predecessor of the current Naval Academy) were founded, as were the Marine Corps and the Supply Commissary.
The first commander of the Chilean Navy was Manuel Blanco Encalada until Lord Cochrane, formerly a Captain in the British navy, was hired by O'Higgins to be the commander of the Navy, who in turn hired an almost all-anglophone complement of officers and midshipmen, and crews of British, Irish and American seamen. He was a key figure in the war against loyalist forces in Peru. He later took control of the fortresses of Valdivia, but failed in his attempt to conquer Chiloé Island.
In March 1824 the Chilean Navy and Army took again upon the task of eradicate the Spanish monarchy from Chiloé Archipelago. An expedition was disembarked to Chiloé Island which ended in failure when the Chilean Army led by Jorge Beauchef was defeated at the Battle of Mocopulli. Only after Ramón Freire's Chiloé expedition of 1826 did the royalists at Chiloé, led by Antonio de Quintanilla surrender, and Chiloé joined the new Chilean nation.
After the independence wars a series of conflicts consolidated the importance of the Chilean Navy, these conflicts were the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), the Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) and the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). The founding of Fuerte Bulnes in the Strait of Magellan marked the starting point of a series of Chilean Navy explorations, led by navy hydrographers like Francisco Vidal Gormaz and Francisco Hudson, in the unknown zone between the Strait of Magellan and Chiloé. To deal with this new area of activity the navy founded in 1874 the Hydrographic Office whose first director was Francisco Vidal Gormaz.
The Chilean war hero and martyr Arturo Prat is regarded as the ultimate example of the commitment of the Navy to its country, after his death while leading a boarding party onto the enemy ironclad Huáscar at the naval battle of Iquique on 21 May 1879, during the War against Peru and Bolivia. The anniversary of this battle is celebrated every year as a public holiday called Día de las Glorias Navales. Prat is also considered to be one of the co-founders of the Naval Seaman Training School in 1868, which began operating a year later, and was one of the Naval Academy's finest graduate officers that in 1943 it became the National Naval School "Arturo Prat" in his honor.
The Navy further distinguished itself during the Battle of Pisagua in 1879, led by both the Navy and the Marine Artillery Groups and Marine Infantry, the world's first modern military landing operation, that resulted in Chilean victories in other parts of Peru's Tarapaca region, and resulted to its annexation by Chile.
After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887 Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888.
With the Peruvian Navy destroyed, Bolivia becoming a landlocked country and Argentina having only a brown-water navy the Chilean Navy had a regional hegemony in the years following the War of the Pacific. To secure this advantage and not letting new Argentine acquisitions challenge Chilean Naval power the Chilean government decided to modernize its navy. The modernization plan included the ordering of two cruisers, two torpedo boat destroyers and the modernization of two armoured ships in English docks.
| Year | Ships | Builder |
| 1887 | 2 Central battery ironclads 2 torpedo boats |
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| 1891 Chilean Civil War | ||
| 1892 | 1 Cruiser | |
| 1895 | 1 Cruiser | Mitchell & Co |
| 1896 | 1 Armoured cruiser 6 torpedo boats |
Armstrong Whitworth |
| 1902 | 2 Pre-dreadnought battleships | |
| 1902 arms control treaty with Argentina | ||
| 1911 | 1 Dreadnought battleship | Armstrong Whitworth |
| 1912 | 1 Dreadnought battleship | Armstrong Whitworth |
The advent of the Chilean Civil War of 1891 saw a breach between the two branches of the Chilean Armed forces, while the bulk of navy sided the congress side the majority of the Chilean Army remained loyal to José Manuel Balmaceda. When the majority of the national congress broke relations with the government Jorge Montt took control of the fleet at Valparaíso and with notable politicians, like Ramón Barros Luco, on board the fleet sailed north to the nitrate-rich Tarapacá area which Chile had seized from Peru ten years earlier. Tarapacá was by that time Chile's richest region in terms of natural resources and was without the fleet practically out of reach for the Chilean Army. From here the navy organized an army made of nitrate miners which they armed and trained to face the 40,000-men strong Army of Chile. On August 1891 the new army was disembarked in Quintero and defeated the Chilean Army at the Battle of Concón and the Battle of Placilla before the presidential faction disbanded and the congressional side took power. On the elections of October 1891 Jorge Montt was elected president.
Not all navy officers sided with the congress. Some like Juan Williams Rebolledo, Juan José Latorre and Policarpo Toro remained on the presidential side and Francisco Vidal Gormaz declared his neutrality. After the war these officers were removed from their offices. In contrast to these officers whose career or influence in the navy was truncated by the war, the Chilean Civil War served as a starting point of a successful career in the navy for a generation of young officers like Francisco Nef and others who sided with the congressionals who won the war.
After incidents with Chile in 1872, 1877 and 1878 Argentina had decided that a brownwater navy, even if modern, was not enough to back up its ambitions in Patagonia and the South Atlantic. Both countries were distracted in the next few years by Argentina's internal military operations against natives and Chile's War of the Pacific against Bolivia and Peru, but by 1890 a full-fledged naval arms race was underway between the two.[2][3] The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina had been a major success in laying the groundwork for nearly all of Chile's and Argentina's 5600 km of shared borders, but the drawing a boundaries in the largely unexplored inland Patagonia soon became a major source of territorial disputes. Over the 1880s and 1890s Chile and Argentina engaged in an arms race fueled by nationalistic rhetoric and tax income from their blooming economies. Both countries signed a treaty in 1902 to end the arms race. However, in 1904 Brazil ordered two Minas Geraes-class dreadnoughts to be built by the United Kingdom.[4] In response, Argentina ordered two Rivadavia-class dreadnoughts with an option for a third from the United States. They also ordered twelve destroyers from three nations in Europe. With its major rival acquiring so many modern vessels,[N 1] Chile was forced to respond, though this was delayed by a financial depression brought on by a drastic fall in the nitrate market and a major earthquake in 1907 and 1908, respectively.[6]
During the 1890s the Chilean Navy carried out many hydrographic surveys in the Patagonian channels aimed to improve navigation and explore the river basins of Patagonia. A German geoprapher, Hans Steffen, led navy explorations to western Patagonia, laying the groundwork for colonization of what would be Aisén Region years later. The Navy occasionally collaborated with European naturalists such as Carl Skottsberg in their surveys of Chilean territory.
In 1931 the navy once more made headlines in Chilean politics when large portions of it (26 ships) begun a mutiny that demanded the president to rescind a salary reduction. The demands were later expanded to include an agrarian reform, industrial "solidarity" and the payment of the external debt by the "millionaires". The mutineers had their ships located at Coquimbo and Talcahuano's naval base which they controlled. Chilean government responded by sending the Chilean Air Force to bombard the ships in Coquimbo and charging Talcahuano's naval base. After the quelling of the rebellion the navy was purged, although the mutiny had its origin among the lower ranks. It did not affect futher expansion of it, however.
Chile formulated its Antarctic claim in 1940 and in 1947 the navy established the first Chilean base, Captain Arturo Prat Base, in the continent before the Chilean Army or Airforce established their own bases. Since then the navy has played a major role in supplying Chilean bases and performing numerous rescue missions among them of MS Explorer in 1972 and 2007.
The Navy's sailing school ship, the Buque Escuela Esmeralda, began operations in 1952. It since has made various trips around the world, with selected cadet officers and NCO's on board trained in ship handling and operations, as a requirement for graduation.
Beginning in the 1950s the Chilean Navy began to be involved in a series of incidents with the Argentine Navy and Argentine civilians in the disputed area of Beagle Channel and Cape Horn. This incidents took both form of incursions into Chilean waters by Argentine fishing ships and provocations such the shelling of a Chilean lighthouse by the Argentine Navy during the Snipe incident of 1958. During the critical phases of the Beagle conflict of the late 1970s the Chilean Navy played a decisive role in defending Chilean sovereignty over Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands that the Argentine Navy planned to seize. While Argentina aborted its invasion plan, Operation Soberanía in December 1978, Argentina went rather into war with the United Kingdom in the Falklands just after 4 years. During that conflict the Chilean Navy provided diversion to favour the British, as it was understood that if Argentina won the war they would once again try to seize Picton, Lennox and Nueva and Cape Horn.
1964 would see the birth of the modern Chilean Marine Corps of today.
Naval educational institutions were reformed in 1968 when president Eduardo Frei Montalva created the Naval Specialities Schools System with headquarters in Las Salinas Naval Base in Viña del Mar. One of its schools, the Naval Seaman Training School, became the Seamen's School of the Navy "Captain Alejandro Navarrete Cisterna" on the same year as its centenary, in honor of the first naval seaman to rise through the ranks to become a naval officer. The NSSS soon became the Naval Polytechnic Academy in 1995, through a merger of all its component schools, some of these schools staying as independent constituent academies.
After the 1973 Chilean coup d'etat together with the Army, the Air Force and the Carabiniers, the Navy, led by Admiral Jose Toribio Merino became part of the Government Junta led by Army commander in chief Augusto Pinochet, and upon the latter's resignation from the Junta leadership in 1981, Adm. Merino became its chairman until March 1990, presiding over its sessions and those of the Legislative Commission, and was also concurrently the National Defense Minister. The training ship Esmeralda (BE-43) functioned as a floating prison and tortute chamber for political prisoners during the 1973-1980 period of the military dictatoship.[7] It is claimed that probably over a hundred persons were kept there at times and subjected to hideous treatment.[8][9] It was also an unprecedented period of growth and expansion of the naval service as more vessels became part of it, the Marines strengthed and the Navy's special forces unit raised.
The 25,000-person navy, including 5,200 Marines, is directed by Admiral Edmundo Gonzalez. Of the fleet of sixty-six surface vessels (soon to be increased to seventy-four), twenty-one are major combatant ships based in Valparaíso. The navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates four submarines and a tender ship to support them, all based in Talcahuano. The Navy permits the integration of Chile's Pacific and Southern island regions, thus integrating its disjointed geography. The transport of passengers, especially during the school year or in cases of emergency, together with the supply of provisions and fuel, are of key importance to the inhabitants of these insular zones.
The Chilean Navy is generally considered to be among the most capable and professional in the Americas and is heavily aligned with significant naval powers such as the United States Navy and several European navies, most notably the British Royal Navy.
The institution regularly carries out civil operations whereby Navy professionals provide social assistance and health care to the civilian population, and provide support in cases of natural catastrophe.
It also undertakes preventative education campaigns for Chile's population on issues that include security on beaches and seaside resorts and measures to be taken in the case of a tsunami.
The most important naval bases and supply depots are (from north to south) in the Pacific Ocean: Iquique, Easter Island, Valparaíso, Talcahuano, Puerto Montt, in the Atlantic zone: Strait of Magellan: Punta Arenas, in the Beagle Channel: Puerto Williams, and in Antarctica: Captain Arturo Prat Base. These are now spread into 5 Naval Zones: the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Naval Zones.
The Chilean Navy has been an important component in all international wars fought by Chile, since the Andes and the Atacama desert makes natural barriers difficult to cross. The Chilean Navy has fought the following wars:
In addition the navy have been involved in the following conflicts:
| Type | vessel | source | mission | photos | notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| frigate | ||||||
| Type 23 frigate | (FFG-05) Almirante Cochrane ex-HMS Norfolk (FF-07) Almirante Lynch ex-HMS Grafton (FF-06) Almirante Condell ex HMS Marlborough |
United Kingdom | Anti-submarine warfare | |||
| Type 22 frigate | (FF-19) Almirante Williams ex-HMS Sheffield | United Kingdom | multipurpose | ASMAR modernized in Talcahuano with the addition of an OTO Melara 76mm gun, missiles and Harpoon radars. | ||
| L class frigate | (FFG-14) Almirante Latorre (FFG-11) Capitán Prat |
Netherlands | Anti-aircraft warfare | |||
| M class frigate | (FF-15) Almirante Blanco Encalada (FF-18) Almirante Riveros |
Netherlands | multipurpose Anti-submarine warfare | |||
| Submarine Attack | ||||||
| Scorpène class submarine | (SS-23) General O'Higgins (SS-22) General Carrera |
Spain France |
submarine | |||
| Type 209 submarine | (SS-20) Comandante Thomson (SS-21)Capitán Simpson |
Germany | submarine | updated in 2009 in ASMAR, among the improvements include the ability to launch Exocet missiles. | ||
| Fast Attack Craft | ||||||
| Tiger class fast attack craft | (LM-39) Teniente Uribe (LM-37) Teniente Orella (LM-36) Guardamarina Riquelme (LM-38) Teniente Serrano |
Germany | Fast Attack Craft | Northern Command | ||
| Sa'ar 4 class missile boat | (LM-32) Chipana (LM-31) Casma (LM-34) Angamos |
Israel | Missile boat | Southern Command | ||
| Underway replenishment | ||||||
| Henry J. Kaiser class oiler | AO-52 Almirante Montt | United States | Underway replenishment | |||
| Auraucano-class oiler | AO-53 Araucano | Sweden | Underway replenishment | |||
| Patrol boat | ||||||
| Class Patrol Boats Grumete | (LPC-1814) Díaz (LPC-1815) Bolados (LPC-1816) Salinas (LPC-1817) Téllez (LPC-1818) Bravo (LPC-1820) Machado (LPC-1822) Troncoso (LPC-1823) Hudson |
United States | Patrol boat | |||
Minor features vessels distributed in the 5 naval zones are:
| boat | Name |
|---|---|
| Patrulleros de Zona Marítima PZM | (OPV-81) Piloto Pardo, (OPV-82) Comandante Toro |
| Submarine tender | (BMS-42) Almirante Merino. |
| Barge Class "Batral" | (LST-95) Chacabuco y (LST-92) Rancagua |
| Barge Class "Elicura" | (LSM-90) Elicura, (LSM-94) Orompello |
| Personnel and cargo transport | (AP-41) Aquiles |
| Rescue vessel | (BRS-63) Ingeniero Slight |
| Icebreaker | (AP-46) Almirante Oscar Viel |
| Hydrographic patrol: | Corneta Cabrales |
| Tugboat | (ATF-66) Galvarino, (ATF-67) Lautaro |
| Class Patrolman "Protector" (Coast Guard) | (LSG-1603) Alacalufe, (LSG-1604) Hallef, (LSG-1609) Aysén, (LSG-1610) Corral, (LSG-1611) Concepción, (LSG-1612) Caldera, (LSG-1613) San Antonio, (LSG-1614) Antofagasta, (LSG-1615) Arica, (LSG-1616) Coquimbo, (LSG-1617) Puerto Natales, (LSG-1618) Valparaíso, (LSG-1619) Punta Arenas, (LSG-1620) Talcahuano, (LSG-1621) Quintero, (LSG-1622) Chiloe, (LSG-1623) Puerto Montt, (LSG-1624) Iquique |
| Patrullero Clase "Taitao" | (PSG-71) Micalvi, (PSG-72) Ortiz, (PSG-73) Isaza, (PSG-78) Sibbald, (PSH-77) Cabrales, (PMD-74) Cirujano Videla |
| Patrol boats | 20 Class Patrol Boats "Arcangel" and 15 Class Patrol Boats "Defender" |
| Minor patrol boat | 35 boats |
| 2 patrol boats | Yagán y Ona |
| 1 Historical relic | Monitor Huáscar |
| Aircraft | Origin | Type | Versions | In service[10] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bell 206 JetRanger | United States | Utility helicopter | Model 206B TH-57 Sea Ranger |
4 2 |
|
| CASA C-212 Aviocar | Spain | Tactical transport | C-212A | 3 | |
| Cessna O-2 Skymaster | United States | Liaison | O-2A | 8 | |
| Embraer EMB-111 | Brazil | Maritime patrol aircraft transport |
EMB-111AN EMB-111C |
3 1 |
|
| Eurocopter Bo 105 | European Union | Utility helicopter | Bo 105C | 2 | |
| Eurocopter AS 532 Cougar | European Union | Naval helicopter | AS 532SC | 5 | 1 lost in night-time ASW training accident |
| Eurocopter AS 365 Dauphin | European Union | SAR helicopter | AS 365 | 8 | 4 former Irish Air Corps |
| CASA C-295 | Spain | Maritime patrol aircraft | C-295 MPA
C-295 ASW |
1
2 |
1 MPA, 2 ASW with option for (5+) MPA or ASW |
| Lockheed P-3 Orion | United States | Maritime patrol aircraft VIP transport |
P-3ACH | 4
(+ 4 spares) |
To be replaced by C-295 in the near future |
| Pilatus PC-7 Turbo Trainer | Switzerland | Trainer | 7 | Originally 10 PC-7 in fleet. None lost in accidents |
The Chilean Marines or (Infanteria de Marina de Chile) is the land/amphibious attack force of the Chilean Navy. The 5,200 man force combines special training and tactics with state-of-the-art equipment.
The Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile (SHOA, Spanish for Hydrological and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy) is an agency of the Chilean Navy managing situations dealing with hydrology and oceanography including tides and tsunamis.
Ranks and rates are shown on the sleeves of all Chilean Navy summer uniforms (and on the shoulders of the winter uniform). Shoulder and sleeve ranks are inspired by those in the British Royal Navy, the French Navy and the German Navy. Officers and NCO's of the Marines add the Infante de Marina (Marine Soldier) title to their ranks from Seaman onward, as the Marines are part of the Navy.
All officers, active or reserve, study at the Arturo Prat Naval Academy and later in the Naval War Academy receive improved training and education to be promoted while all active and reserve NCOs (known in the Navy through the general term Men of the Sea) study at the Seamen's School of the Navy "Alejandro Navarette Cisnerna" and later in the Naval Polytechnic Academy and its attached and independent colleges for later speciality training.
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| Ejército de Chile (Army) Armada de Chile (Navy) Fuerza Aérea de Chile (Air Force) | |||